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Table 5 Binary logistic regression analyses for demographic and socio-economic factors associated with tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men and women of nine South and Southeast Asian countries in Demographic and Health Surveys

From: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys

 

Tobacco smoking (men)

 

India (β, 95 % CIs)

p-value

Pakistan

p-value

Nepal (β, 95% CIs)

p-value

Bangladesh (β, 95% CIs)

p-value

Maldives(β, 95% CIs)

p-value

Indonesia(β, 95 % CIs)

p-value

Cambodia (β, 95% CIs)

p-value

Timor Leste (β, 95% CIs)

p-value

Urban/Rural

−0.11 (−0.16, −0.05)

<0.001

0.15 (−0.16, 0.46)

0.334

0.08 (−0.17, 0.33)

0.541

−0.02 (−0.23, 0.19)

0.852

−0.36 (−0.77, 0.06)

0.092

−0.09 (−0.25, 0.06)

0.225

−0.05 (−0.25, 0.16)

<0.647

0.12 (−0.10, 0.34)

0.290

Age (years)

0.03 (0.03, 0.03)

<0.001

0.04 (0.02, 0.05)

<0.001

0.02 (0.01, 0.03)

<0.001

0.01 (−0.00, 0.02)

0.066

−0.03 (−0.04, −0.01)

0.001

−0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)

<0.001

0.07(0.06, 0.08)

<0.001

0.06 (0.05, 0.08)

<0.001

Marital status

−0.41 (−0.48, −0.34)

<0.001

0.83 (0.10, 1.57)

0.027

−0.38 (−0.62, −0.14)

0.002

−0.06 (−0.95, 0.82)

0.891

0.69 (0.08, 1.30)

0.027

−0.96 (−1.67, −0.26)

0.008

−0.56 (−0.76, −0.36)

<0.001

−0.14 (−0.33, 0.05)

0.158

Education

−0.34 (−0.37, −0.31)

<0.001

−0.27 (−0.39, −0.14)

<0.001

−0.47 (−0.58, −0.36)

<0.001

−0.44 (−0.55, −0.33)

<0.001

−0.28 (−0.44, −0.12)

0.001

−0.32 (−0.43, −0.21)

<0.001

−0.69 (−0.80,-0.58)

<0.001

−0.32 (−0.43, −0.20)

<0.001

Wealth index

−0.15 (−0.18, −0.13)

<0.001

−0.02 (−0.13, 0.10)

0.767

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.05)

0.423

−0.09 (−0.17, −0.02)

0.019

−0.10 (−0.22, 0.03)

0.121

−0.23 (−0.29, −0.17)

<0.001

−0.25 (−0.31, −0.19)

<0.001

−0.06 (−0.12, 0.01)

0.092

Religion +

−0.10 (−0.14, −0.07)

<0.001

---------

--------

−0.30 (−0.55, −0.05)

0.019

0.17 (−0.17, 0.51)

0.325

---------

--------

-----------

---------

0.73 (0.25, 1.21)

<0.003

−0.98 (−1.78, −0.18)

0.016

 

Smokeless tobacco use (men)

Urban/Rural

−0.14 (−0.19, −0.09)

<0.001

−0.82 (−1.15, −0.49)

<0.001

0.12 (−0.14, 0.38)

0.355

−0.06 (−0.32, 0.20)

0.657

−0.08 (−0.77, 0.61)

0.815

0.77(0.03, 1.51)

0.042

−0.07 (−0.72, 0.58)

<0.833

−0.02 (−0.75, 0.71)

0.956

Age (years)

−0.00(−0.01, −0.00)

0.005

−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01)

0.001

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

<0.001

0.04 (0.03, 0.05)

<0.001

0.05 (0.03, 0.08)

<0.001

0.02 (−0.02, 0.06)

0.335

0.04 (0.03, 0.06)

<0.001

0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)

0.272

Marital status

−0.55 (−0.62, −0.49)

<0.001

−1.10 (−2.08, −0.13)

0.027

−1.19 (−1.48, −0.91)

<0.001

−0.28 (−1.24, 0.68)

0.562

−0.77 (−1.75, 0.20)

0.12

0.25 (−1.11, 1.62)

0.717

−0.15 (−0.46, 0.15)

<0.330

−0.27 (−0.86, 0.33)

0.381

Education

−0.07 (−0.10, −0.04)

<0.001

−0.21 (−0.36, −0.06)

0.006

−0.41 (−0.56, −0.26)

<0.001

−0.09 (−0.19, 0.02)

0.107

−0.50 (−0.94, −0.07)

0.024

−0.63 (−1.12, −0.14)

0.012

−0.50 (−0.69, −0.30)

<0.001

−0.25 (−0.50, 0.01)

0.055

Wealth index

−0.28 (−0.30, −0.26)

<0.001

−0.14 (−0.28, 0.00)

0.054

−0.10 (−0.19, −0.00)

0.041

−0.16 (−0.24, −0.08)

<0.001

−0.09 (−0.28, 0.09)

0.328

−0.69 (−1.13, −0.25)

0.002

−0.44 (−0.60, −0.28)

<0.001

−0.16 (−0.32, 0.01)

0.063

Religion +

−0.14 (−0.17, −0.10)

<0.001

----------

---------

−0.35 (−0.64, −0.06)

0.017

−0.15 (−0.55, 0.24)

0.438

---------

---------

---------

---------

0.82 (−0.02, 1.67)

<0.057

0.90 (−0.07, 1.87)

0.068

 

Tobacco smoking (women)

 

India

 

Pakistan

 

Nepal

 

Philippines

 

Maldives

 

Indonesia

 

Cambodia

 

Timor Leste

 

Urban/Rural

0.36 (0.21, 0.51)

<0.001

−0.15 (−0.68, 0.37)

0.566

−0.24 (−0.56, 0.07)

0.125

−0.39 (−0.57, −0.21)

<0.001

−0.82 (−1.35, −0.30)

0.002

−0.41 (−0.61, −0.21)

<0.001

0.06 (−0.43, 0.54)

<0.821

−0.60 (−0.93, −0.27)

<0.001

Age (years)

0.07 (0.06, 0.07)

<0.001

0.07 (0.05, 0.09)

<0.001

0.10 (0.09, 0.11)

<0.001

0.04 (0.03, 0.05)

<0.001

0.08 (0.05, 0.10)

<0.001

0.05 (0.04, 0.06)

<0.001

0.06 (0.05, 0.07)

<0.001

0.07 (0.05, 0.08)

<0.001

Marital status

−0.16 (−0.32, −0.00)

0.050

0.45(−0.11, 1.00)

0.116

−0.21 (−0.47, 0.06)

0.129

−0.40 (−0.62, −0.19)

<0.001

0.30 (0.15, 0.46)

<0.001

0.35 (0.12, 0.58)

0.003

0.00 (−0.32, 0.32)

<0.996

−0.06 (−0.32, 0.21)

0.674

Education

−0.60 (−0.69, −0.52)

<0.001

−0.81(−1.07, −0.56)

<0.001

−0.67 (−0.82, −0.52)

<0.001

−0.37 (−0.49, −0.25)

<0.001

−0.40 (−0.76, −0.03)

0.032

−0.16 (−0.34, 0.02)

0.075

−1.17 (−1.39, −0.95)

<0.001

−0.37 (−0.52, −0.21)

<0.001

Wealthindex

−0.38 (−0.43, −0.33)

<0.001

−0.49(−0.64, −0.34

<0.001

−0.53 (−0.63, −0.43)

<0.001

−0.12 (−0.19, −0.05)

0.001

−0.28 (−0.43, −0.12)

0.001

−0.22 (−0.30, −0.15)

<0.001

−0.50 (−0.63, −0.38)

<0.001

−0.08 (−0.17, 0.02)

0.115

Religion +

−0.10 (−0.20, −0.00)

0.042

--------

--------

0.15 (−0.14, 0.44

0.307

−0.40 (−0.61, −0.19)

<0.001

---------

---------

---------

---------

1.63 (1.08, 2.18)

<0.001

−0.13 (−0.79, 0.53)

<0.704

 

Smokeless tobacco use (women)

Urban/Rural

−0.21 (−0.27, −0.14)

<0.001

−0.63 (−1.09, −0.18)

0.007

−0.01(−0.44, 0.43)

0.968

0.19 (−0.57, 0.95)

0.628

−0.34 (−0.98, 0.31)

<0.306

0.57 (−0.03, 1.18)

0.064

1.07 (0.49, 1.65)

<0.001

−0.48 (−0.86, −0.10)

0.013

Age (years)

0.06 (0.05, 0.06)

<0.001

0.05 (0.03, 0.07)

<0.001

0.07 (0.06, 0.08)

<0.001

0.10 (0.06, 0.14)

<0.001

0.10 (0.06, 0.14)

<0.001

0.04 (0.01, 0.06)

0.006

0.12 (0.11, 0.13)

<0.001

0.10 (0.08, 0.11)

0.000

Marital status

−0.05 (−0.12, 0.02)

0.192

0.33 (−0.17, 0.84)

0.195

−0.72 (−1.10, −0.34)

<0.001

0.22 (−0.75, 1.19)

0.652

−0.08 (−0.25, 0.09)

<0.364

0.44 (−0.02, 0.90)

0.061

−0.19 (−0.40, 0.01)

<0.067

0.03 (−0.29, 0.36)

0.841

Education

−0.28 (−0.32, −0.24)

<0.001

−0.60 (−0.83, −0.36)

<0.001

−0.19 (−0.36, −0.01)

<0.040

−0.62 (−1.16, −0.08)

0.023

−0.54 (−1.06, −0.03)

<0.040

−0.37 (−0.83, 0.09)

0.115

−0.48 (−0.64, −0.31)

<0.001

−0.54 (−0.77, −0.31)

<0.001

Wealthindex

−0.42 (−0.45, −0.39)

<0.001

−0.31 (−0.46, −0.16)

<0.001

−0.39 (−0.55, −0.24)

<0.001

−0.78 (−1.11, −0.45)

<0.001

−0.34 (−0.52, −0.16)

<0.001

−0.61 (−0.80, −0.42)

<0.001

−0.48 (−0.57, −0.39)

<0.001

−0.20 (−0.32, −0.08)

0.001

Religion +

0.13 (0.08, 0.17)

<0.001

------------

--------

0.45 (0.03, 0.86)

0.037

−0.08 (−0.67, 0.52)

0.803

---------

---------

---------

---------

0.54 (−0.26, 1.34)

<0.188

−0.63 (−1.60, 0.34)

0.203

  1. Information about religion was not collected in these countries.
  2. +For all countries except India (Hindu, Islam, and others), religion was grouped as main religion and others (for example Buddhist in Cambodia and Islam in Maldives, Indonesia, and Bangladesh).