Table 1 Correlation between rates of violence by firearms and proxy indexes for carrying weapons, controlled by year, of the Brazilian federation units, 2005-2016

SDI

−0.316 (0.001)

0.249 (0.013)

0.329 (0.001)

−0.327 (0.001)

−0.267 (0.008)

−0.266 (0.008)

−0.018 (0.741)*

Voluntary return of firearms

−0.364 (< 0.001)

0.115 (0.257)*

0.269 (0.007)

−0.199 (0.049)

−0.064 (0.526)*

0.064 (0.526)*

0.122 (0.229)*

Illegal carrying of firearms

−0.146 (0.149)*

0.109 (0.284)*

0.230 (0.022)

−0.005 (0.957)*

0.019 (0.852)*

0.025 (0.807)*

0.220 (0.028)

Possession and use of narcotics

−0.247 (0.014)

0.174 (0.085)*

0..370 (< 0.001)

−0.319 (0.001)

−0.254 (0.011)

−0.250 (0.013)

0.015 (0.882)*

Narcotics trafficking

−0.262 (0.009)

0.182 (0.071)*

0.282 (0.005)

−0.308 (0.002)

−0.230 (0.022)

−0.229 (0.023)

0.082 (0.420)*

Composite index^a

0.204 (0.035)

0.023 (0.817)*

−0.126 (0.195)*

−0.016 (0.872)*

−0.058 (0.555)*

−0.058 (0.525)*

−0.269 (0.005)

SDI low

0.471 (< 0.001)

−0.309 (< 0.001)

0.001 (0.964)*

−0.317 (< 0.001)

−0.391 (< 0.001)

−0.366 (< 0.001)

0.070 (0.206)*

SDI middle high

−0.214 (< 0.001)

0.231 (< 0.001)

0.039 (0.214)*

0.222 (< 0.001)

0.233 (< 0.001)

0.221 (< 0.001)

−0.036 (0.524)*

SDI high

−0.379 (< 0.001)

0.089 (0.004)

−0.053 (0.090)*

0.084 (0.007)

0.185 (< 0.001)

0.166 (< 0.001)

−0.083 (0.135)*